23   Clause types

This section focuses on clause types that do not form control environments (see section 26 for details) or form antecedent relationships from “Across the Board Extraction” (see section 27).

23.1   Questions (CP-QUE)

Direct and indirect questions are not differentiated by clause label.

• direct questions:

     The whole sentence is tagged as CP-QUE, under which an IP-SUB occurs.

(246)
『これはどうした事か……

( (CP-QUE (-LRB- 『)
          (IP-SUB (PP (NP (PRO これ))
                      (P は))
                  (NP-SBJ *)
                  (NP-PRD (IP-EMB (ADVP (WADV どう))
                                  (VB し)
                                  (AXD た))
                          (N 事))
                  (AX *))
          (P か)
          (PU ……))
  (ID 214_aozora_Togawa-1937))

(247)
目ざましが鳴らなかったのだろうか。

( (CP-QUE (IP-SUB (PP (NP (N 目ざまし))
                      (P が))
                  (NP-SBJ *が*)
                  (VB 鳴ら)
                  (NEG なかっ)
                  (AXD た)
                  (FN の)
                  (AX だろ)
                  (MD う))
          (P か)
          (PU 。))
  (ID 53_aozora_Harada-1960))

A sentence is tagged as a question if it is not marked with か but has an interrogative meaning.

(248)
あなた、明日の会議お出になる。
‘Will you be present at the meeting tomorrow?’

( (CP-QUE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO あなた))
                  (PU 、)
                  (PP (NP (PP (NP (N 明日))
                              (P の))
                          (N 会議))
                      (P *に*))
                  (VB お出)
                  (P に)
                  (VB2 なる))
          (PU 。))
  (ID 691_textbook_kisonihongo))

• indirect question:

(249)
最後に自分に神を信仰するかと尋ねた。

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ *pro*)
          (PP (NP (N 最後))
              (P に))
          (PP (NP (PRO 自分))
              (P に))
          (CP-THT (CP-QUE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *speaker*)
                                  (PP (NP (N 神))
                                      (P を))
                                  (NP-OB1 *を*)
                                  (VB 信仰)
                                  (VB0 する))
                          (P か))
                  (P と))
          (VB 尋ね)
          (AXD た)
          (PU 。))
  (ID 433_aozora_Natsume-1908))

In contrast, a か-marked sentence is treated as a non-question if it is without an interrogative meaning. See example (250) in the next section.

23.2   Exclamative utterances (CP-EXL)

Exclamatives are tagged CP-EXL. In this corpus, exclamatives are limited to the following constructions:

1. 「なんと（いう）／なんて」 ＋ 「こと（だろう）（か）」
2. 「なんと（いう）／なんて」 ＋ 「のだ／のだろう（か）」
3. WPRO + 「（こと）だろう」
4. A sentence that ends with 「とは」or「なんて」

(250)
「ああ、なんと彼を愛しておられたことか」。

( (CP-EXL (-LRB- 「)
          (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *pro*)
                  (INTJ ああ)
                  (PU 、)
                  (ADVP (ADV なんと))
                  (PP (NP (PRO 彼))
                      (P を))
                  (NP-OB1 *を*)
                  (VB 愛し)
                  (P て)
                  (VB2 おら)
                  (VB2 れ)
                  (AXD た))
          (P こと)
          (P か)
          (-RRB- 」)
          (PU 。))
  (ID 986_bible_new))

(251)
こんなにうれしいことがあるなんて！

( (CP-EXL (IP-SUB (PP (NP (IP-REL (NP-SBJ *T*)
                                  (ADVP (ADJN こんな)
                                        (AX に))
                                  (ADJI うれしい))
                          (N こと))
                      (P が))
                  (NP-SBJ *が*)
                  (VB ある))
          (P なんて)
          (PU ！))
  (ID 40_misc_EXAMPLE))

Sentences that consist only with a noun phrase with an exclamation mark (e.g. きれいな空！) are tagged FRAG, not CP-EXL.

23.3   Imperative clauses (IP-IMP)

Imperatives are labeled IP-IMP. Both overt subjects and null subjects are included in the annotation.

• No overt subject: A null element (NP-SBJ *hearer*) is introduced.

(252)
「助けて！

( (IP-IMP (-LRB- 「)
          (NP-SBJ *hearer*)
          (NP-OB1 *speaker*)
          (VB 助け)
          (P て)
          (PU ！))
  (ID 406_aozora_Harada-1960))

• Overt subject: If the NP is marked with a particle that indicates a grammatical relation with the imperative predicate, it is annotated with an offset disambiguation node (NP-SBJ).

(253)
君が行ってくれ。
‘You go , please .’

( (IP-IMP (PP (NP (PRO 君))
              (P が))
          (NP-SBJ *が*)
          (VB 行っ)
          (P て)
          (VB2 くれ)
          (PU 。))
  (ID 293_textbook_purple_intermediate))

(254)
君はここにいなさい。
‘You must stay here.’

( (IP-IMP (PP (NP (PRO 君))
              (P は))
          (NP-SBJ *)
          (PP (NP (PRO ここ))
              (P に))
          (VB い)
          (VB2 なさい)
          (PU 。))
  (ID 537_textbook_kisonihongo))

• If there is a bare NP corresponding to the Hearer, it can usually be marked as an NP-VOC and associated with a null subject in the following way: Binding information is added to the NP-VOC. A dummy element (CLEAN *VOC*) is introduced immediately after. Finally, immediately after the dummy element, a null *hearer* pronoun that shares binding information with the NP-VOC is introduced. As long as these three nodes appear adjacent to each other in this form, their order with respect to other elements before the imperative predicate is not an issue. See section 18.10 for examples of the treatment for NP-VOC.

• There may be cases where a bare NP Hearer is not a vocative in the context of an imperative clause. In such cases it can be marked as NP-SBJ.

     In formal registers, the following form of imperative shows up:

(255)
（戒名と道号については「戒名」の項目を参照のこと。）
‘(Refer to the section on "Kaimyo" for Kaimyo and Dougou.)’

( (FRAG-IMP (-LRB- （)
            (NP (PP (IP-NML (PP (NP (CONJP (NP (N 戒名))
                                           (P と))
                                    (NP (N 道号)))
                                (P について)
                                (P は))
                            (PP (NP (PP (NP (-LRB- 「)
                                            (N 戒名)
                                            (-RRB- 」))
                                        (P の))
                                    (N 項目))
                                (P を))
                            (NP-OB1 *を*)
                            (VB 参照))
                    (P の))
                (N こと))
            (PU 。)
            (-RRB- ）))
  (ID 11_wikipedia_KYOTO_5))